6.a) Staff Report-Scandia Parks and Trails Sign Program1
V SCDIA
Sta, Report
Date of Meeting: February 4, 2013
To: Parks and Recreation Committee
From: Kristina Handt, City Administrator
Re: Scandia Parks and Trails Sign Program
Agenda Item #: 6.a)
Background:
For the last few months some members of the committee have expressed an interest in
developing a comprehensive signage program for the Scandia Parks and Trails. However, the
discussion has always been related to specific projects in the past. This is the committee's first
opportunity to discuss the possibility for creating additional signage guidelines. A copy of the
sign code is included in your packet. While the sign code has not traditionally been applied to
signs in City parks, it may provide some guidelines to consider. You may view the Scandia
Architectural Design Guidelines by going to the City Website (www.ci.scandia.mn.Lis)
>Comprehensive Plan>Download the Comprehensive Plan>Scandia Architectural Design
Guidelines.
In addition, the Comprehensive Parks, Trails, Open Space and Recreation Plan, 2005-2025 says
the following:
Develop consistent recreational facility signage and install signs at each Township entrance or in
locations which are easy to see and difficult to vandalize. Provide appropriate signs that describe
hours of operation, rules, and other pertinent information.
Promote high-quality design standards.
The 2030 Comprehensive Plan states the following under the Implementation Recommendations
for Parks and Trails Goals, Policies and Strategies (p. 145): "Develop and install uniform park
system signage (to include park, trail, open space and recreational facility components."
Lastly, photos of existing signs at City parks and rec areas are included in your packet.
Issue:
There are number of things to consider when developing a sign programs for the city parks and
recreation areas.
1) How many signs should be allowed at a location?
2) What type of signs are allowed? What is the purpose of the sign?
3) What does the sign convey? Content of the sign:
a) Title, and other text?
b) Map?
c) Brand/community identity?
d) Contact Information?
e) Rules?
Proposal Details:
Number of Sims at a location:
The Sign Ordinance provides some guidance already in this area. In the Ag -Core, Ag Preserves,
General Rural, Village Neighborhood Districts identification, real estate sales, development
identification, advertising signs are permitted and one sign of each type is allowed. Most of the
park and rec areas are located in these zoning districts with the exception of the community
center which is located in the Village Mixed Use -B district. The VMU-B allows business,
political, advertising signs as permitted in Section 3.13(4)(N), development identification and
real estate sales signs are permitted. One freestanding monument business sign and I business
sign attached to the building is allowed in this district. A copy of the definitions of the various
signs is included in your packet.
Staff Recommendation on Number of Signs: Remain consistent with Scandia Sign Ordinance. In
most cases this will allow one sign per location. In the VMU-B there could be two signs at a
location -one monument sign and one sign attached to the building. Further discussion regarding
the number of directional/information signs may be needed as they are not discussed in the
current code.
Tunes of Signs:
Committee member Arnold would like to discuss the following types of signs:
1) Interpretive Sign:
Definition (National Park Service Manual): "The word Interpretation means many
things. It can mean the translation of languages, perceptions about poems or novels, how
a person feels about a historic building, or thinks about a scientific theory. In the National
Park Service, other agencies and many zoos and aquaria around the world, interpretation
is the process of providing each visitor find an opportunity to personally connect with a
place. Each individual may connect to the place in a different way ... some may not
connect immediately, but everyone should have an opportunity to explore how that
special place is meaningful to them. It might be that a ranger's discussion of a scenic
vista inspires an emotional connection for some. In the mind of another, an interpretive
sign describing the geologic history of the same landscape might provoke a more
intellectual connection. The goal of all interpretive services is to increase each visitor's
enjoyment and understanding of the parks, and to allow visitors to care about the parks on
their own terms."
2) Entrance Marker:
Entrance Signs play an important role in welcoming visitors, apprising visitors of some of
the ground rules for visiting the park, and for "setting up" the particular experience.. It
also has the potential to be a vehicle for Scandia's larger agenda: to allude to a system of
park experiences available to visitors, their locations... Not to mention referencing
something about Scandia—projecting our brand identity.
3) Directional/Information Signs within a park. Including trail markers, signs that alert
visitors of a private property boundary, restroom and other amenity markers.
Staff Recommendation regarding Type of Signs: The interpretive sign or entrance marker sign
mentioned above will fit into the definition of identification sign or monument that is provided in
the Development Code. The current sign ordinance does not discuss directional/information
signage as described above. The committee may want to allow all types of signs and during the
discussion of a specific sign proposal in the future use these guidelines to help facilitate a
discussion what type of sign is the best fit for a particular location.
What Does the Sign Convey
Included in your packet is information from the MN Dept of Ag regarding signs for farmers
markets but there is helpful information that could also apply to park and rec signs. It discusses
not only issues related to lettering and visibility but also the effective use of color and the
psychological connotations of color. The committee should review this information in order to
help formulate some guideline regarding the content of signs.
Staff Recommendation on Sign Content: The committee should establish a standard font and size
for text on signs and should adopt appropriate color standards. The committee should decide
when a map should be included on a sign (i.e. a site map may be more applicable to Wind in the
Pines Preserve and Hay Lake but perhaps not at the skating rink or ball fields). Alternatively, the
committee may consider including a map at each location with a "You are Here" reference that
shows the location in reference to other recreational opportunities in Scandia (an Orientation
Sign). In order to help establish the City "brand/identity" staff would suggest requiring the City
logo appear on all park and rec signs as well as the words "City of Scandia." Signs should
include the general City phone number or law enforcement contact information. Lastly, signs
should include "All City of Scandia Ordinances Apply" and state the hours of operation of the
park or rec location.
Fiscal Impact:
Many of the signs created for City park and recreation areas are donated to the City. Therefore,
there may not be a direct financial impact to the City budget.
Options:
The committee should discuss and come to some agreement regarding the questions posed
above. This will provide staff with the information necessary to begin drafting a Scandia Parks
and Recreation Sign Program Guidelines document that can then be further reviewed at the next
meeting. If the Committee wants to adopt guidelines for the City to use when evaluating sign
proposals, the guidelines would need to be recommended to the City Council and ultimately
approved by them.
EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 3, 2010
Chapter One 0 Administration
(268)Shopping Center: Any grouping of 2 or more principal retail uses whether on a single lot or
on abutting lots under multiple or single ownership.
(269)Sign: A display, illustration, structure or device that directs attention to an object, product,
place, activity, person, institution, organization or business.
(270) Sign, Advertising: A sign that directs attention to a business or profession or to a
commodity, service or entertainment not sold or offered upon the premises where such sign
is located or to which it is attached.
(271) Sign Area: The entire area within a continuous perimeter enclosing the extreme limits of
such sign. Such perimeter shall not include any structural elements lying outside of such sign
and not forming an integral part or border of the sign.
(272) Sign, Business: A sign that directs attention to a business or profession or to the commodity,
service, or entertainment sold or offered upon the premises where such sign is located or to
which it is attached.
(273) Sign, Development Identification: A sign that identifies the name of a residential,
commercial or industrial development at a street entrance to the development.
(274) Sign, Flashing: An illuminated sign which has a light source not constant in intensity or
color at all times while such sign is in use or a sign containing an electric reading board.
(275) Sign, Identification: A sign that identifies the inhabitant of the dwelling.
(276) Sign, Monument: A sign not supported by posts or poles which is architecturally designed
and located directly at grade where the base width dimension is 50% or more of the width of
the greatest width of the sign.
(277) Sign, Motion: A sign that has revolving parts or signs that produce moving effects through
the use of illumination.
(278) Sign, Nameplate: A sign that states the name and/or address of the business, industry or
occupant of the site and is attached to said building or site.
(279) Sign, Pedestal: A ground sign usually erected on 1 central shaft or post that is solidly affixed
to the ground.
(280) Sign, Real Estate: A sign offering property (land and/or buildings) for sale, lease or rent.
(281) Sign, Roof: A sign erected upon or above a roof or parapet of a structure.
(282) Sign, Shopping Center or Industrial Park: A business sign designating a group of shops or
offices.
(283) Sign, Wall: A sign attached to or erected against the wall of a structure with the exposed
face of the sign a plane parallel to the plane of said wall.
(284) Special Events: An outdoor gathering of at least 100 individuals whether on public or private
property, assembled with a common purpose for a period of one hour or longer but may not
exceed twelve hours in duration; except, that events held during the two-day Taco Daze
City of Scandia Development Code, Chapter 1 Page 1-27
EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 3, 2010 (updated through Ordinance 124, January 4, 2011) Chapter Two 0 Zoning Regulations
landscaping other than yard area and buffer landscaping requirements as specified in
other sections of this ordinance.
1. Plant Materials - At least one over-story/shade tree shall be provided for each 15
parking spaces. Ornamental trees, shrubs, hedges and other plant materials may be
used to supplement the shade trees, but shall not be the sole contribution to such
landscaping.
Additional perimeter plantings may be used to satisfy this requirement in parking
facilities less than 60 feet in width.
(I) Slopes and Berms. Final slopes of greater than 3:1 will not be permitted without
special treatment such as terracing or retaining walls. All berms shall incorporate trees
and other plantings into the design. In no situation shall berms be used as the sole
means of screening.
(J) Landscape Guarantee. A financial guarantee shall be submitted as provided by
Chapter 1, Section 11.10.
(5) Screening and Buffering
(A) Screening shall be required:
When any nonresidential, commercial or industrial off-street parking area contains
more than 4 parking spaces and is within 30 feet of a parcel in residential use.
2. When a driveway to a nonresidential parking area of more than 6 parking spaces is
within 15 feet of a parcel in residential use.
Where any business or industrial use (structure, parking or storage) is adjacent to
property in residential use, that business or industry shall provide screening along
the boundary of the residential property. Screening shall also be provided where a
business, parking lot or industry is across the street from a residential use, but not
on the side of a business or industry considered to be the front.
(B) Performance Standards. The screening required in this Section shall consist of earth
mounds, berms or ground forms; fences and walls; landscaping (plant materials) or
landscaped fixtures (such as timbers) used in combination or singularly so as to block
direct visual access to the area or object to be screened. Required screening for
parking areas shall provide a 100% opaque screen not less than 4 feet in height.
3.13 Signs
(1) Applicability. The regulations contained herein do not apply to signs painted, attached by
adhesive or otherwise attached directly to or visible through windows and glass portions of
doors.
(2) Permit Required. Except as otherwise provided in this Development Code, no sign shall be
erected, constructed, altered, rebuilt or relocated until an Administrative Permit or Conditional
use permit as may be required for the sign has been issued. Application for a permit shall be
City of Scandia Development Code, Chapter 2 Page 2fi4
EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 3, 2010 (updated through Ordinance 124, January 4, 2011) Chapter Two 0 Zoning Regulations
accompanied by the established fee. No permit will be required under this Development Code
for the following signs:
(A) Real estate sale signs under 9 square feet in area.
(B) Political signs.
(C) Warning signs that do not exceed 9 square feet in area.
If the work authorized under a sign permit has not been completed within 6 months after the
date of issuance, the permit shall become null and void.
(3) General Standards.
(A) All signs shall be reviewed for conformance with the Scandia Architectural Design
Guidelines, as applicable. The following types of signs are generally prohibited by the
guidelines: backlit signs, neon signs, internally lit signs, LED digital signs and
individually lit sign letters.
(B) No sign may be erected that, by reason of position, shape, movement, color or any
other characteristic, interferes with the proper functioning of a traffic sign or signal or
otherwise constitutes a traffic hazard; nor shall signs be permitted which would
otherwise interfere with traffic control.
(C) All signs, other than public utility warning signs, are prohibited within a public right
of way.
(D) Political signs of any size and number are allowed in any district, on private property,
with the consent of the owner of the property. Such signs may be posted from 46 days
prior to the election and shall be removed 10 days after the election. In a state general
election year, such signs may be posted from 46 days prior to the state primary until
10 days following the state general election.
(E) Illuminated signs shall be diffused or indirect so as not to direct rays of lighting onto
any public right-of-way. No illuminated signs or their support structures shall be
located closer than 25 feet to any roadway surface or closer than 10 feet to a road right
of way line, notwithstanding less restrictive portions of this section.
(F) Flashing signs shall be prohibited. Signs giving off intermittent, rotating, or direct
light, which may be confused with traffic, aviation, or emergency signaling, are also
prohibited.
(G) Real estate sales signs may be placed in any yard providing such signs are not closer
than 10 feet to any property line.
(H) Real estate development project sales signs may be erected for the purpose of selling
or promoting a single family or multiple family residential project. The plat of the
development shall be recorded with the Washington County Recorder prior to the
erection of a sign. Signs are subject to the following standards.
Such signs shall not exceed 100 square feet in area.
City of Scandia Development Code, Chapter 2 Page 2-65
EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 3, 2010 (updated through Ordinance 124, January 4, 2011) Chapter Two 0 Zoning Regulations
2. Only 1 such sign shall be erected on each road frontage with a maximum of 3 such
signs per project.
Such signs shall be removed when the project is 80% completed, sold or ]eased.
4. Such sign shall be located on the property which is for sale. Off-site development
project signs are prohibited.
(I) One development identification sign shall be allowed for each street entrance to a
development. The sign shall not exceed 32 square feet per surface and no sign shall
have more than two surfaces. The sign shall not exceed 8 feet in height.
(J) Signs shall not be painted directly on the outside wall of a building unless unless they
reflect historic design and are approved by the City Council after review for
compatibility with the Architectural Design Guidelines.
(K) Signs shall not be painted on a fence, tree, stone or other similar object in any district.
(L) Roof signs are prohibited in all districts.
(M) All signs and displays using electric power shall have a cutoff switch on the outside of
the sign and on the outside of the building or structure to which the sign is attached.
No electrically illuminated signs shall be permitted in the Agriculture District- Core
(AG -C), Agriculture Preserves (AP), General Rural (GR) and Village Neighborhood
(VN) districts.
(N) Advertising signs are prohibited in all districts except for the following signs:
Signs advertising the sale of agricultural produce grown on the advertiser's
property shall be permitted after issuance of an Administrative Permit. No more
than three signs advertising the same location are permitted. No more than 135
sign days (each day that one sign is utilized) shall be allowed in one year. All signs
shall be installed on posts placed in the ground. No portable signs shall be
permitted. No sign shall exceed 10 square feet in area.
2. Signs advertising a community event shall be permitted after issuance of an
Administrative Permit for a period of no more than 10 days preceding the event
and ending on the day after the event. No more than 3 signs advertising the same
event are permitted.
3. Signs advertising a garage, lawn or similar sale occurring on a property in
agricultural or residential use shall be permitted after issuance of an Administrative
Permit. Such signs shall not exceed 4 square feet and shall be removed not later
than 4 days after it is erected.
4. A temporary off-site real estate open house directional sign advertising the sale of
residential real property is allowed with the consent of the property owner on
whose property the sign is placed. Such sign shall be promptly removed at the
completion of the open house and no later than 6:00 p.m. on the same day.
City of Scandia Development Code, Chapter 2 Page 2-66
EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 3, 2010 (updated through Ordinance 124, January 4, 2011) Chapter Two 0 Zoning Regulations
Temporary off-site real estate directional signs are allowed, but shall be limited to
two square feet and shall include the name and telephone number of the person or
company responsible for the signs. Such signs shall be promptly removed upon the
sale of the property. Temporary "Parade of Homes" signs shall be allowed only
during those periods in each year when the "Parade of Homes" event is being
conducted. Such signs shall be erected not earlier than the first day of such event
and shall be removed on the final day of such event.
(0) Multi -faced signs shall not exceed 2 times the allowed square footage of single faced
signs.
(P) Except for more restrictive parts of this Chapter, no sign that exceeds 100 square feet
in area shall be erected or maintained:
Which would prevent any traveler on any road from obtaining a clear view of
approaching vehicles on the same road for a distance of 500 feet.
Which would be closer than 1,350 feet to a national, state or local park, or historic
site.
Which would partly or totally obstruct the view of a lake, river, rocks, wooded,
area, stream or other point of natural and scenic beauty.
(Q) Any sign which becomes structurally unsafe or endangers the safety of a building or
premises or endangers the public safety, shall be taken down and removed or
structurally improved by the owner, agent or person having the beneficial use of the
building, structure or land upon which the sign is located within 10 days after written
notification from the Zoning Administrator.
(R) If the work authorized under a sign permit has not been completed within 6 months
after the date of issuance, the permit shall become null and void.
(4) Signs in Agriculture — Core (AG -C), Agriculture Preserves (AP), General Rural (GR) and
Village Neighborhood (VN) Districts. Identification, real estate sales, development
identification, advertising signs as permitted in Section 3.13(4)(N) and political signs are the
only signs permitted in agricultural and residential districts.
(A) No sign shall be so constructed as to have more than 2 surfaces.
(13) 1 of each of the permitted type signs and 1 political sign for each candidate will be
permitted.
(C) No sign shall exceed 32 square feet in size.
(D) The top of the display shall not exceed 10 feet above grade.
(E) Any sign over 2 square feet shall be setback at least 10 feet from any property line. In
no case shall any part of the sign be closer than 2 feet to a vertical line drawn at the
property line.
City of Scandia Development Code, Chapter 2 Page 2-67
EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 3, 2010 (updated through Ordinance 124, January 4, 2011) Chapter Two 0 Zoning Regulations
(5) Signs in Village Mixed Use - A (VMU-A), Village Mixed Use — B (VMU-B), Rural
Commercial (R -COMM) and Industrial Park (IP) districts.
(A) Business, political, advertising signs as permitted in Section 3.13(4)(N), development
identification and real estate sales signs are permitted.
(B) Number of each type of sign allowed per lot frontage:
1 real estate sales sign;
2. 1 freestanding monument business sign and l business sign attached to the
building.
(C) Except as provided herein, the total square footage of sign area for each lot shall not
exceed 1 square feet of sign area for each lineal foot of building front. No sign shall
exceed 200 square feet in area. Each real estate sales sign or political sign shall not
exceed 35 square feet in area.
(D) The top of a monument sign shall not exceed 15 feet above the average grade.
(E) Any sign over 6 square feet shall be setback at least 10 feet from any property line. In
no case shall any part of a sign be closer than 2 feet to a vertical line drawn at the
property line.
(6) Shopping Center Signs.
(A) Shopping Centers or buildings containing more than 1 tenant are allowed 1 monument
sign which may contain the names of all businesses in the project. Individual
businesses may be identified by way of signs attached to the building. The total square
footage of sign area may not exceed the limits set forth in Section 5(C) above.
(B) Signs shall in no case project from a building or structure to any point within 2 feet to
a vertical line drawn at the property line. No projecting sign shall be less than 9 feet
above the sidewalk or the ground level. All projecting signs for which a permit is
required shall be constructed entirely of fire resistant material.
(7) Home Occupations. Any home occupation permitted under Section 4.9 of this Chapter shall be
allowed a sign no greater than 9 square feet in size.
3.14 Building Type and Materials
(1) General Standards
(A) Buildings in all zoning districts shall maintain a high standard of architectural and
aesthetic compatibility with surrounding properties to ensure that they will not
adversely impact the property values of the abutting properties or adversely impact the
community's public health, safety, and general welfare.
(B) Except for agricultural buildings, no galvanized or unfinished steel or unfinished
aluminum buildings (walls or roofs), except those specifically intended to have a
City of Scandia Development Code, Chapter 2 Page 2-68
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APPENDIX IV.
CRITIQUING SIGNS
KEYAREAS OF CONCERN
• Is the presentation clear and concise?
• Is the presentation reflecting
your image?
• Is there consistency in style,
copy and visuals?
• Are signs visible from desiered
locations?
• Are signs motivating customers to react?
TIPS FOR POINT OF
PURCHASE SIGNS
• Be specific.
• What will it save?
• Pricing easy to understand?
• Sizzle, story, romance.
• Facts, not fiction.
• Explain what's not obvious.
• Help customers buy the best product.
• Help customers comparison shop.
• Logical needs.
• Don't say the obvious.
• Sign friendly.
LETTERING
Good lettering is essential on a sign.
The lettering is the means through which
the viewer receives the information which
the sign is communicating. The four main
communictaion factors include:
Visiability. This is the quality of a
letter or number which enables an
observer to distinguish it from it's
surroundings.
Readability. This is the quality
which enables the observer to correctly
perceive the information content of
letters or numbers grouped together in
words, sentences, or other meaningful
forms.
Noticeability. This refers to the
quality of a sign which encourages people
to look at it.
Legibility. This refers to the
characteristics of letters or numbers
which make it possible to differentiate
them from one from the other.
A well-designed sign should
score high on all four communication
critera. Since words are the most impor-
tant elements of sign communication,
lettering becomes a critical design factor.
Many signs utilize plain block
lettering. This lettering tends to be the
easist to read. However, sign users some-
times forget that lettering can do much
more than simply communicate a straight
forward message. Lettering can also
do much to enhance the image of the
business which the sign presents.
Potential customers take many cues
from subtle factors which go into the
design of a sign. The lettering may
suggest that a business is elegant and
expensive, or it may suggest discount
prices and efficiency.
SOME FOOD FOR THOUGHT
ON... WHICH FONT?
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2001 NAFDMA
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2001 NAMMA
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TIPS FOR PROMOTING
YOUR OVERALL MARKET
WITH SIGNAGE
When you do something right, tell
everybody.
H appl, Holidays
From mith's Store
As a token of our apprieciation to you,
we are underwriting the performance of
THE NUTCRACKER
on Saturday, Dec. 15 at City Hall C:enier
Promote every service you offer.
r
MADE G'1FT PACKAGES in our fresh produm area15.00 to $50.00er for an extra .0.00
Use customer signs for feedback.
i°I HEARD CUSTOMERS
ASK ABOUT..."
Please tell us what you heard...
on these cards. Thanks for your help!
Sign upcoming events and activities.
Expert demonstrations
Saturday, Sept. 15th
$5 fee incudes maferWs. Bring a friend. Tickets are 2 for
Whenever you make a change to the
customer, sign it.
PROGRESS ZONE
Me re ava ft to aeate a better store
/oryw Sorry Mr W tonMary iroon awnw.
Whenever you make a change to the
customer, sign it.
WE WILL CLOSE ON
CHRISTMAS EVE AT 4 P.M.
SHOP 9:00 `ti19:00
every day until then!
Keep your "permanent" signs looking
good.
CONSIDER EFFECTIVE
USE OF COLOR
Listed below are the best color
combinations used in lettering of
outdoor advertising displays ranked in
order of legibility of letters viewed
from a distance.
1. Black on Yellow
2. Black on White
33ellow on Black
4.White on Blue
5.Yellow on Blue
6. Green on White
7. Blue on Yellow
8.White on Green
9.White on Brown
10. Brown on Yellow
11. Brown on White
12.Yellow on Brown
13. Red on White
14.Yellow on Brown
15. Red on Yellow
16.White on Red
Somm. Claus and Claus,1974.
SIGN VISIBILITY CHART For 10" Black Bock Lettering on White Background
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THE PSYCHOLOGICAL
CONNOTATIONS OF COLOR
In selecting colors for a sign which
will be appropriate to business, it is
important to consider the psychological
connotations of different colors as well
as the factors affecting visibility and
legibility. Although some attributes have
come to be associated with certain
colors, these are not hard and fast rules.
A sign designer should be guided by
their own sense of what is appropriate.
Red. Exciting, active color. Used
to suggest boldness, quickness, efficiency.
Its warmth is appetite -inspiring.
Ye/%w. Another color frequently
used by restaurants to create a welcoming
atmosphere.A warm color, suggests light
and activity, especially in redder shades
and tints.
Green. Living things, and there for
freshness, youth and purity are often
associated with green. Green is the
predominate color in nature and there-
fore must be used carefully in rural
settings so it does not fade into the
surroundings. Powerful in suggesting
naturalness, vitality and peacefulness.
Blue. It's coolness tends to connote
dignity, serenity, wisdom, and quiet.
May be used to suggest a leisurely pace
and atmosphere of cultivation and
calm. Often used by banks and large
corporations.
Purple. Purple come to be associated
with royalty, pomp and luxuriousness.
Visibility factor is low making it unsuit-
able for freeway signs, but is oftem used
for personal service businesses such as
beauty salons.
Brown. Brown is the color of the
earth and tends to connote naturalness
and strength. Businesses which want to
indicate thier strength and mainstream
value system often use brown and wood
hues in their signs. Also used in ranching
and farming interests. Brown is basically
nuetral due to its association with earth
and wood, it is not a color to catch your
eye and suggest action.
White. In western society white has
been the color of innocence. On a sign
it can be used to suggest cleanliness and
purity.
Black. Black can be used effectively
in signage to create an impression
of low-keyed crispness and sedateness.
Sophistication also is suggested, if large
areas are used.
In assessing all of these colors, the
point needs to be made that fairly subtle
shifts in tint and tone can create large
differences in how colors are perceived.
While red is appropriate when used
in fairly limited area, when used over
too broad of an area it can give the
impression of being overpowering.
Similarly, pale yellow can suggest daintiness,
whereas deeper yellow becomes a very
sensuous and powerful color.